{"id":7435,"date":"2020-03-28T23:58:33","date_gmt":"2020-03-28T21:58:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.presidentofgalaxy.com\/?p=7435"},"modified":"2023-05-18T12:23:41","modified_gmt":"2023-05-18T10:23:41","slug":"pandemier","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.presidentofgalaxy.com\/en\/pandemier\/","title":{"rendered":"Historic pandemics"},"content":{"rendered":"

There are many diseases and plagues that have killed many people throughout human history. Here are some of the most well-known:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Justinian Plague may have killed half of the world's population<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Justianska pesten <\/a>, also known as the Justinianic Plague outbreak, arrived in Constantinople in the year 541. The disease was brought across the Mediterranean from Egypt. It is considered to be the first pandemic in history as it swept across three continents. The plague was named after the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I, who ruled over the Eastern Roman Empire at that time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The plague decimated Constantinople. When the plague reached Constantinople, it killed about 300,000 people there in the first year. The plague was named after the Byzantine Emperor Justinian, who reigned from 527 to 565. Just as Emperor Justinian tried to rebuild his empire to the glory of ancient Rome, the plague struck and left it devastated. The plague destroyed his military and economy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The epidemic had devastating consequences, causing significant death and economic crisis. The plague spread like wildfire across Europe, Asia, North Africa, and Arabia. It is estimated to have killed between 25 to 50 million people, which corresponds to a significant portion of the population at that time, perhaps half of the world's population.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Italian feber<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The respiratory disease called febris Italica<\/em> \"(Italian fever) followed Charlemagne's army around Europe in the years 876\u2013877. Similar epidemics broke out in Europe between 1173 and 1387. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

During the time of Charlemagne, his armies had conquered large parts of Europe, including Italy. During the campaigns, his soldiers were afflicted by an unknown disease that came to be called febris Italica or the Italian fever. There is not much information available about the disease and its exact nature or causes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to historical sources, febris Italica is described as a disease with fever and severe symptoms that affected the army's soldiers. This may have included flu-like symptoms, stomach problems, or other signs of illness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Albertus Pictor, T\u00e4by Church, Death playing chess from the 1480s, is said to have inspired Ingmar Bergman in the movie The Seventh Seal, which was about the Black Death.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Black Death<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Black Death<\/a> Also known as the Black Death, it was a devastating pandemic of bubonic plague that struck Europe during the 14th century. It was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history. In cautious estimates, one-third of the population in Europe died, but some say it was as high as 60% of Europe's population at the time, and 75-200 million in Eurasia. In major cities, the mortality rate was high; in Venice, up to 60% died, and half of Paris's residents.

The Black Death broke out in Asia in the 1330s and then spread to Europe through trade routes. The plague is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis and is usually transmitted from fleas on rats to humans. The disease spread rapidly and affected the entire continent. It began in China in 1334 and spread through trade routes, reaching Egypt by 1346. By the spring of 1347, it had reached Constantinople. The plague continued to return, and between 1350 and 1713, it struck Sweden 20 times. In London, between 1348 and 1665, outbreaks occurred approximately every 20 years. Source<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

RastruM triCrumbum spjutLongum maxima pestis indicates the year 1350 for the visitation of the Black Death. In Stockholm, so many people died at that time that far from all bodies could be buried, but 'the streets were covered with dead bodies' Source<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The symptoms of the Black Death included high fever, swollen and painful lymph nodes (buboes), as well as flu-like symptoms such as muscle aches and nausea. In many cases, the disease led to rapidly deteriorating health and death within a few days. The Black Death had a devastating effect on Europe's population. Estimates suggest that 25-50% of the continent's population died as a result of the plague. This massive loss of life affected societies, economies, and culture in various ways during this period.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The bubonic plague struck hard against Sweden in 1359 and 1364. Source<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sudor Anglicus – Engelska svetten<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Sudor Anglicus, also known as English Sweat, was a disease that affected Europe during the 16th century. It got its name because of the intense sweating that was a prominent symptom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The disease was highly contagious and spread rapidly through direct contact and the air. There was no effective treatment or cure for the English Sweat, which resulted in a high mortality rate among those affected.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

n 1410, there were reports of violent coughing and miscarriages among pregnant women. A disease called 'sweat' (\"svett\" in Swedish)Sudor Anglicus<\/a><\/em>) var upprepade g\u00e5nger epidemisk mellan 1485 och 1551 i Europa. Den kom \u00e4ven till Sverige och man tror att det kan vara en virussjukdom. Source<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1413 Pest i \u00d6sterg\u00f6tland <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u00bbstor pestilentia\u00bb s\u00e5som h\u00e4rjande i synnerhet \u00d6sterg\u00f6tland. Troligen var denna en forts\u00e4ttning av f\u00f6reg\u00e5ende \u00e5rets pest i K\u00f6penhamn, f\u00f6r vilken Drottning Margaretha f\u00f6ll offer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1424<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Efter ih\u00e5llande regnskurar och stor hungersn\u00f6d angrep \u00e5r 1424 pesten \u00e5ter
Sverige. Source<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1442<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u00c5 r 1442 hungersn\u00f6d och pest, och Christoffer n\u00e4mndes Barkekung. \u2014 Det f\u00f6rsta \u00e5ret av seklets sj\u00e4tte decennium eller 1451 befinnes Sverige \u00e5terigen vara hems\u00f6kt av en stor och m\u00f6rdande farsot, som med avseende p\u00e5 sin starkt d\u00f6dande egenskap j\u00e4mf\u00f6res i kr\u00f6nikan med sj\u00e4lva digerd\u00f6den. Endast i Stockholm skall den bortryckt inte mindre \u00e4n 9000 personer, bland vilka namnes Carl Knutsons gem\u00e5l Drottning Catharina. Source<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1464 Epidemi i Stockholm <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Epidemin i Stockholm var f\u00f6r\u00f6dande och spred sig under tv\u00e5 \u00e5r i landet. k\u00e4lla<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endast i Stockholm skall den bortryckt icke mindre \u00e4n 9,000 personer, bland hvilka namnes Carl Knutsons gem\u00e5l, Drottning Catharina. \u2014 \u00c5r 1464 var Stockholm utg\u00e5ngspunkten f\u00f6r en f\u00f6r\u00f6dande epidemi, som i tv\u00e5 \u00e5r spridde sig kring landet, och bland vars offer n\u00e4mnes Biskop Kettil Vase i Link\u00f6ping. Source<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1503 Pesten<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Riksf\u00f6rest\u00e5ndaren Sten Sture den \u00e4ldre dog av pesten <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Influensan fr\u00e5n Malta<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n

P\u00e5 denna dag Juli 13, 1510 i Modena verkade en sjukdom som varar tre dagar med en stor feber, och huvudv\u00e4rk och sedan stiger \u2026 men fortfarande finns en fruktansv\u00e4rd hosta som varar kanske \u00e5tta dagar, och sedan lite i taget de \u00e5terh\u00e4mta sig och inte f\u00f6rg\u00e5s<\/em><\/p>\n Tommasino de\u2019 Bianchi <\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Det tidigare pandemier finns influensan fr\u00e5n Malta 1510 som var en explosiv luftv\u00e4gsepidemi, k\u00e4nd som horion<\/em>, le taq<\/em> och coquelicot (vallmo, kanske d\u00e4rf\u00f6r att opiater anv\u00e4ndes f\u00f6r att behandla den). P\u00e5ven Julius II ans\u00e5g att orsaken till pandemin var att den \u00e5terspeglade Guds vrede. En av den tidens fr\u00e4msta l\u00e4kare Jean Fernel<\/a> och kirurgen Ambroise Par\u00e9<\/a> var \u00f6verens om att pandemin ”spred sig till n\u00e4stan alla l\u00e4nder och hela v\u00e4rlden utom den nya v\u00e4rlden”.

D\u00f6dligheten l\u00e5g p\u00e5 1% dvs j\u00e4mf\u00f6rbar eller h\u00f6gre \u00e4n spanska sjukan. 1510 \u00e5rs pandemi f\u00f6ljdes av \u00e5terkommande episoder av uppenbar ”s\u00e4songsinfluensa”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Den venetiska konstn\u00e4ren Tintoretto producerade \u00f6ver 300 m\u00e5lningar under sin livstid m\u00e5nga som visar sjukdom i m\u00e5lningar som Ill Lazzaretto, Begreppet karant\u00e4n kommer fr\u00e5n italienskan quaranta som betyder 40 p\u00e5 italienska. Alla bes\u00f6kare skulle spendera 40 dagar p\u00e5 \u00f6n Lazzaretto innan de beviljades komma in til staden Venedig.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Pesten 1532<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

1532 kallar kr\u00f6nikan \u00bbstoor pestilentia. Source<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pesten 1548<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Under n\u00e4sta <\/strong>decennium b\u00f6rjade pesten i Stockholm 1548, och utbredde sig f\u00f6ljande \u00e5ret \u00f6ver hela Sverige. Source<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Influensan 1557 och 1580<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Det kom ytterligare tv\u00e5, influensapandemier 1557 och 1580 den f\u00f6rra kom fr\u00e5n Asien.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pesten 1565<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

och med det \u00bbthen stoora pestilentian.\u00bb Source<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pesten i London 1665<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Pesten i London 1665 var en av de v\u00e4rsta utbrotten d\u00e4r 100 000 inv\u00e5nare dog under loppet av 7 m\u00e5nader.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

1710 Pestens \u00e5r i Stockholm d\u00e5 dog n\u00e4ra 50% av befolkningen i staden<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Sedan Bubun-pesten n\u00e5tt Danzig och flera andra st\u00e4der vid \u00d6stersj\u00f6n var Sverige hotat. Den 25:e augusti 1709 kom en f\u00f6rordning med att misst\u00e4nkta skepp och farkoster skulle h\u00e5llas i karant\u00e4n i 40 dagar i Sandhamn och Waxholm. Source<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is bevarade dokument<\/a> i Stockholm om fattigt folk som p\u00e5 d\u00f6dsb\u00e4dden ska ha f\u00f6rv\u00e4grats f\u00e5 <\/strong>sina salighetsmedel av pr\u00e4ster, pr\u00e4ster som varit r\u00e4dda f\u00f6r att bli smittade.
Ladda ner pdf om pesten i Stockholm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1720 den stora pesten i Marseille<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Det var det sista betydande europeiska utbrottet av b\u00f6ldpest. Det d\u00f6dade totalt 100 000 m\u00e4nniskor i staden Marseille i Frankrike.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Koleran 1834 <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

1820 hade koleran spridit sig till Thailand, Indonesien, och Filippinerna. Bara p\u00e5 \u00f6n Java orsakade utbrottet 100 000 m\u00e4nniskors d\u00f6d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

1834 var kolera \u00e5ret som b\u00f6rjade i G\u00f6teborg och anl\u00e4nde till J\u00f6nk\u00f6ping med ett sk\u00e5despelar-s\u00e4llskap som bj\u00f6d allm\u00e4nheten till ett sk\u00e5despel. Sjukdomen d\u00f6dade 14% av J\u00f6nk\u00f6pings 4000 inv\u00e5nare. D\u00f6den f\u00f6ljde inom 4-5 timmar.

L\u00e4nsstyrelsen rekommenderade den inte alltf\u00f6r optimistiska behandlingen ”25 droppar Cajeput-olja p\u00e5 en sockerbit s\u00e5 snart koleran f\u00f6rm\u00e4rkes. Skulle ej sjukdomen d\u00e4rvid gifva sig, intages en half timme d\u00e4refter 25 droppar af samma slagts olja. Uteblifver f\u00f6rb\u00e4ttringen d\u00f6r patienten<\/em>.” En l\u00e5ng tid innan koleran utbr\u00f6t hade det varit en lugn v\u00e4derlek d\u00e4r v\u00e4rmen i solskenet ofta steg till 46 grader Celsius och inte under 38 grader. V\u00e4tterns djup hade p\u00e5 omkring 3 alnars djup ofta 27 graders v\u00e4rme. Tidningarna gjorde \u00e4ven kopplingen med att m\u00e5nen hade ett ovanligt blodr\u00f6tt utseende. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Den tredje pandemiska pesten<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Det tredje stora pest pandemin var en stor b\u00f6ldpestpandemi som b\u00f6rjade i Yunnan, Kina, 1855. Denna b\u00f6ldpest spred sig till alla bebodda kontinenter, och ledde till mer \u00e4n 12 miljoner d\u00f6dsfall i Indien och Kina, med omkring 10 miljoner d\u00f6dade enbart i Indien.Enligt V\u00e4rldsh\u00e4lsoorganisationen ans\u00e5gs pandemin vara aktiv fram till 1960, d\u00e5 antalet d\u00f6dsoffer i v\u00e4rlden minskade till 200 per \u00e5r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Den fruktade ryska snuvan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The ryska snuvan<\/a> kom h\u00f6sten 1889 fr\u00e5n Buchara (Uzbekistan) och spreds fr\u00e5n Ryssland och n\u00e5dde sin topp f\u00f6rst i S:t Petersburg. Den h\u00e4rjade i Berlin och Paris samtidigt i november och kom till Sverige n\u00e5gra veckor senare.

Influensan var spridd globalt p\u00e5 fyra m\u00e5nader i en tid som inte hade flygplan men i en period som hade utvecklat j\u00e4rnv\u00e4gsn\u00e4t mellan Europeiska st\u00e4der. Tidningsfolket var n\u00f6jda d\u00e5 de s\u00e5lde l\u00f6snummer p\u00e5 att skr\u00e4mma m\u00e4nniskor med ber\u00e4ttelser om ryska snuvan och Jack uppsk\u00e4raren.

I slutet av november hade smittan n\u00e5tt Spanien, USA, Japan, Sydafrika Egypten och Kina vid ny\u00e5ret. Symptom var i n\u00e4sa och hals.

Den ryska snuvan varade fram till 1892 och ber\u00e4knas ha orsakat en miljon d\u00f6dsfall. Enligt tidningen Wired<\/a> fann Franska forskare att d\u00f6dligheten i pandemin 1889 var ungef\u00e4r densamma som influensautbrotten 1947, 1957, 1968 och 1977-1978, och 2009-2010. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Arnold B\u00f6cklin, Plague<\/em>, 1898, Kunstmuseum Basel. <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Pesten i Bombay 1898<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Bombay hade en epidemi d\u00e4r 10 606 dog i vintern av 1896\/97. Eftersom sjukdomen \u00f6verf\u00f6rdes av pilgrimer till Mecka, \u00d6sterrike-Ungern hade ocks\u00e5 risk att smittan spreds genom Bosnien. Source<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
M\u00e5lningen ”Familjen” av Egon Schiele 1918. Egon Schiele var en konstn\u00e4r som dog i sjukdomen. ”Familjen” var inte klar n\u00e4r han och hans gravida fru Edith och deras of\u00f6dda barn dog i sjukdomen.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Spanska sjukan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

1918 kom spanska sjukan<\/a> var en influensapandemi som smittade 500 miljoner m\u00e4nniskor runt om i v\u00e4rlden och var en av de mest f\u00f6r\u00f6dande pandemierna i modern tid. Detta uppg\u00e5r till 27% av v\u00e4rldens befolkning p\u00e5 den tiden.

Symptomen p\u00e5 Spanska sjukan var varierande, men de mest allvarliga fallen karakteriserades av snabbt stigande feber, andningssv\u00e5righeter och lunginflammation. Sjukdomen spreds l\u00e4tt fr\u00e5n person till person och hade en h\u00f6g d\u00f6dlighet.Spanska sjukan tros ha d\u00f6dat mellan 30 till 100 miljoner m\u00e4nniskor.
<\/p>\n\n\n\n

HIV\/Aids<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

HIV\/Aids har sedan det f\u00f6rsta fallet rapporterades 1981 smittat 75 miljoner m\u00e4nniskor och 32 miljoner m\u00e4nniskor har d\u00f6tt. Det finns inget botemedel eller vaccin \u00e4nnu, men antiretrovirala behandlingar kan bromsa sjukdomsf\u00f6rloppet och leda till en n\u00e4stan normal f\u00f6rv\u00e4ntad livsl\u00e4ngd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malaria<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Malaria \u00e4r en allvarlig sjukdom orsakad av en parasit som \u00f6verf\u00f6rs genom myggbett. Den d\u00f6dar uppskattningsvis omkring 435 000 m\u00e4nniskor varje \u00e5r, fr\u00e4mst i Afrika.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tuberkulos<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Tuberkulos (TB) \u00e4r en infektionssjukdom som fr\u00e4mst drabbar lungorna. Den d\u00f6dar uppskattningsvis omkring 1,5 miljoner m\u00e4nniskor varje \u00e5r, fr\u00e4mst i utvecklingsl\u00e4nder.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Det finns m\u00e5nga sjukdomar och pester som har d\u00f6dat m\u00e5nga m\u00e4nniskor under m\u00e4nsklighetens historia. H\u00e4r \u00e4r n\u00e5gra av de mest k\u00e4nda: Justianska pesten kan ha d\u00f6dat h\u00e4lften av jordens befolkning Justianska pesten , \u00e4ven k\u00e4nd som det justinianska pestutbrottet, anl\u00e4nde till Konstantinopel \u00e5r 541. Sjukdomen f\u00f6rdes \u00f6ver Medelhavet fr\u00e5n Egypten. Det anses vara den f\u00f6rsta<\/p>","protected":false},"author":38,"featured_media":7400,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[4,306],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-7435","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-historia","8":"category-hot-news"},"featured_image_urls":{"full":["https:\/\/www.presidentofgalaxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/tintoretto.png",1412,843,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.presidentofgalaxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/tintoretto-150x90.png",150,90,true],"medium":["https:\/\/www.presidentofgalaxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/tintoretto-300x179.png",300,179,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/www.presidentofgalaxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/tintoretto-768x459.png",768,459,true],"large":["https:\/\/www.presidentofgalaxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/tintoretto-1024x611.png",788,470,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/www.presidentofgalaxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/tintoretto.png",1412,843,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/www.presidentofgalaxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/tintoretto.png",1412,843,false],"trp-custom-language-flag":["https:\/\/www.presidentofgalaxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/tintoretto.png",18,12,false],"bunyad-small":["https:\/\/www.presidentofgalaxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/tintoretto.png",150,90,false],"bunyad-medium":["https:\/\/www.presidentofgalaxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/tintoretto.png",450,269,false],"bunyad-full":["https:\/\/www.presidentofgalaxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/tintoretto.png",1200,716,false],"bunyad-viewport":["https:\/\/www.presidentofgalaxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/tintoretto.png",1412,843,false],"bunyad-768":["https:\/\/www.presidentofgalaxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/tintoretto.png",768,459,false]},"author_info":{"display_name":"presidentofgalaxy.com","author_link":"https:\/\/www.presidentofgalaxy.com\/en\/author\/presidentofgalaxy-com\/"},"category_info":"Historia<\/a> Hot news<\/a>","tag_info":"Hot news","comment_count":"0","jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/www.presidentofgalaxy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/tintoretto.png","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.presidentofgalaxy.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7435","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.presidentofgalaxy.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.presidentofgalaxy.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presidentofgalaxy.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/38"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presidentofgalaxy.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7435"}],"version-history":[{"count":34,"href":"https:\/\/www.presidentofgalaxy.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7435\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9418,"href":"https:\/\/www.presidentofgalaxy.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7435\/revisions\/9418"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presidentofgalaxy.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7400"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.presidentofgalaxy.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7435"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presidentofgalaxy.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7435"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.presidentofgalaxy.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7435"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}